控制器是指(zhi)控制(zhi)各個(ge)部件運行的(de)控制(zhi)部件。控制(zhi)器由程(cheng)序計(ji)數器、指(zhi)令(ling)寄存器、指(zhi)令(ling)譯碼器、時序產(chan)生器和操作(zuo)控制(zhi)器組成(cheng)，它是發布命令(ling)的(de)“決(jue)策機構”，即完(wan)成(cheng)協調和指(zhi)揮整個(ge)計(ji)算機系統的(de)操作(zuo)。

　　有兩種由(you)于設(she)計方法不同因而結構也不同的控制(zhi)器(qi)。微操作是(shi)指不可再分解的操作，進行微操作總是(shi)需(xu)要相應的控制(zhi)信(xin)號（稱為微操作控制(zhi)信(xin)號或(huo)微操作命令）。

　　一臺數字計算機基本上可以劃分為兩大部分---控制部件和執行部件。控制器就(jiu)是(shi)控(kong)(kong)制部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，而運算器、存儲器、外(wai)圍設備相(xiang)對控(kong)(kong)制器來說就(jiu)是(shi)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。控(kong)(kong)制部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)與執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)聯系就(jiu)是(shi)通過控(kong)(kong)制線(xian)。控(kong)(kong)制部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)通過控(kong)(kong)制線(xian)向(xiang)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)發出各種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制命(ming)(ming)令(ling)，通常這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制命(ming)(ming)令(ling)叫做(zuo)微命(ming)(ming)令(ling)，而執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)受微命(ming)(ming)令(ling)后所執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)的(de)(de)操(cao)作就(jiu)叫做(zuo)微操(cao)作。控(kong)(kong)制部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)與執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)之間的(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)聯系就(jiu)是(shi)反(fan)饋(kui)信息。執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)通過反(fan)饋(kui)線(xian)向(xiang)控(kong)(kong)制部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)反(fan)映操(cao)作情況，以便使得控(kong)(kong)制部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)根據執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)來下(xia)達新的(de)(de)微命(ming)(ming)令(ling)，這(zhe)也叫做(zuo)“狀(zhuang)態(tai)測試”。微操(cao)作在執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)中是(shi)組(zu)基本(ben)的(de)(de)操(cao)作。由(you)于數據通路的(de)(de)結(jie)構關系，微操(cao)作可分為(wei)相(xiang)容(rong)性和相(xiang)斥(chi)性兩種(zhong)(zhong)。

　　在機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個CPU周期中(zhong)，一(yi)組(zu)實現(xian)一(yi)定操作(zuo)功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)命令(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合，構成(cheng)一(yi)條(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)。一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)格(ge)式(shi)由操作(zuo)控(kong)(kong)制和(he)順序(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)制兩部(bu)分構成(cheng)。操作(zuo)控(kong)(kong)制部(bu)分用來發出(chu)(chu)管理和(he)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)揮全機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制信(xin)號(hao)。其順序(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)制部(bu)分用來決定產生下一(yi)個微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地址(zhi)。事實上一(yi)條(tiao)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能是由許多條(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)序(xu)(xu)列(lie)來實現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這個微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)序(xu)(xu)列(lie)通常叫做微(wei)(wei)程序(xu)(xu)。既然微(wei)(wei)程序(xu)(xu)是有微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，那么當執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)當前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)條(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候。*須指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)后繼微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地址(zhi)，以便當前(qian)一(yi)條(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)完畢以后，取下一(yi)條(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)。

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